tetracycline
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tetracycline
TetracyclineSystematic (IUPAC) name2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-6,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trioneOR4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-1,11dioxo-naphthacene-2carboxamideOR(4S,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)- 3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy- 6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a- octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamideIdentifiersCAS number60-54-864-75-5 (hydrochloride)ATC codeA01AB13 D06AA04 J01AA07 S01AA09 S02AA08 S03AA02PubChem643969DrugBankAPRD00572ChemSpider10257122Chemical dataFormulaC22H24N2O8 Mol. mass444.435 g/molPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability60-80% Oral, while fasting<40% IntramuscularMetabolismNot metabolisedHalf life6-11 hoursExcretionFecal and RenalTherapeutic considerationsPregnancy cat.D(AU) D(US)Legal status℞ Prescription onlyRoutesoral, topical (skin & eye), im, ivTetracycline (INN) (pronounced /ˌtɛtrəˈsaɪkliːn/) is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and more recently, rosacea, and played a historical role in stamping out cholera in the developed world. It is sold under the brand names Sumycin, Terramycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber form, used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semi-synthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics.// Mode of actionIt works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30s ribosome, by binding the 16S rRNA thereby blocking the aminoacyl-tRNA. However, bacterial strains can acquire resistance against tetracycline and its derivates by encoding a resistance operon.In eukaryotic cells, toxicity may be the result of inactivation of mitochondrial 30S ribosomes. HistoryThe tetracyclines are a large family of antibiotics that were discovered as natural products by Benjamin Minge Duggar and first described in 1948. Tetracycline was then discovered by Lloyd Conover in the research departments of Pfizer. The patent for tetracycline, U.S. Patent 2,699,054 , was first issued in 1950. However, Nubian mummies have been studied in the 1990s and were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline; there is evidence that the beer brewed at the time could have been the source. Tetracycline sparked the development of many chemically altered antibiotics and in doing so has proved to be one of the most important discoveries made in the field of antibiotics. It is used to treat many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa. It, like some other antibiotics, is also used in the treatment of acne. Cautions, contraindications, side effectsAre as those of the tetracycline antibiotics group:Can stain developing teeth (even when taken by the mother during pregnancy)Inactivated by Ca2+ ion, not to be taken with milk or yogurtInactivated by aluminium, iron and zinc, not to be taken at the same time as indigestion remediesInactivated by common antacids and over-the-counter heartburn medicines.Skin photosensitivity; exposure to the Sun or intense light is not recommendedDrug-induced lupus, and hepatitisTinnitusWhen used for acne vulgaris, skin can be extremely dry and flaky if overusedMay interfere with methotrexate by displacing it from the various protein binding sitesCan cause breathing complications as well as anaphylactic shock in some individualsShould be avoided during pregnancy as it may affect bone growth of fetus IndicationTetracycline's primary use is for the treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea. Other usesSince tetracycline is absorbed into bone, it is used as a marker of bone growth for biopsies in humans, and as a biomarker in wildlife to detect consumption of medicine- or vaccine-containing baits. The presence of tetracycline in bone is detected by its fluorescence.In genetic engineering tetracycline is used in transcriptional activation. Tetracycline is also one of the antibiotics used to treat ulcers caused by bacterial infections. In cancer research at Harvard Medical School, tetracycline has been used to reliably cause regression of advanced stages of leukemia in mice, by putting this inexpensive antibiotic into their drinking water. Cell CultureTetracycline is used in cell biology as selective agent in cell culture systems. It is toxic to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and selects for cells harboring the bacterial tetr gene, which encodes a 399-amino acid membrane associated protein. This protein actively exports tetracycline out of the cell rendering cells harboring this gene more resistant to the drug. The yellow crystalline powder can be dissolved in water (20mg/ml) or ethanol (5mg/ml) and is routinely used at 10mg/L in cell culture. In cell culture at 37oCelsius it is stable for 4 days.
S.. Porcelain veneers are of great importance for chronic teeth staining, like tetracycline effects. Sometimes, as prescribed to treat acne and, therefore, also known as doxycycline acne.Dermatologists usually recommend antibiotics like tetracycline for treating Rosacea & Acne, but the results greatly vary, often with little or no effect at all since they are not formulated to get rid of this parasite.. Also topical antibiotics or bactericides like Benzoyl peroxide or erythromycin can help.Doxycycline is an antibiotic and belongs to a group of tetracycline.Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. pork, has banned pork imports from four U.S. plants amid concerns about an. Since bacteria are the most common cause of acne in many people, this antibiotic may prove very effective for its treatment.. It works by slowing the growth of certain bacteria and allowing the body's immune system to destroy them. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.Tetracycline is the most popular conventional treatment for acne. (Recasts, updates with USDA comment that ban may relate to antibiotic tetracycline) By Bob Burgdorfer CHICAGO, April 29 (Reuters) - Russia, a leading market for U.Porcelain veneers are of great importance for chronic teeth staining, like tetracycline effects. Sometimes, as prescribed to treat acne and,
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