ritalin
08 »
ritalin
MethylphenidateSystematic (IUPAC) namemethyl 2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetateIdentifiersCAS number113-45-1ATC codeN06BA04PubChem4158DrugBankAPRD00657ChemSpider4015Chemical dataFormulaC14H19NO2 Mol. mass233.31 g/molSMILESeMolecules & PubChemPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability11–52%Protein binding30%MetabolismLiverHalf life2–4 hoursExcretionUrineTherapeutic considerationsPregnancy cat.CLegal statusControlled (S8)(AU) Schedule III(CA) Class B(UK) Schedule II(US)RoutesOral, Transdermal, IV, NasalMethylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly prescribed psychostimulant and is indicated in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy, although off-label uses include treating lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity. In North America it is most commonly known as the brand name Ritalin which is an instant-release racemic mixture, although a variety of brand names, and formulations exist. Methylphenidate is a mild central nervous system stimulant thought to exert its effect by enhancing dopaminergic transmission in the brain.// HistoryMethylphenidate was patented in 1954 by the CIBA pharmaceutical company (now Novartis) as a potential cure for Mohr's disease. Beginning in the 1960s, it was used to treat children with ADHD or ADD, known at the time as hyperactivity or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). Today methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed medication to treat ADHD around the world. Production and prescription of methylphenidate rose significantly in the 1990s, especially in the United States, as the ADHD diagnosis came to be better understood and more generally accepted within the medical and mental health communities.Most brand-name Ritalin is produced in the United States, and methylphenidate is produced in the United States, Mexico, Argentina and Pakistan. Other generic forms, such as "methylin", are produced by several U.S. pharmaceutical companies. Ritalin is also sold in the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries (although in much lower volumes than in the United States). These generic versions of methylphenidate tend to outsell brand-name Ritalin four to one. In Belgium the product is sold under the name "Rilatine" and in Portugal as "Ritalina".Another medicine is Concerta, a once-daily extended-release form of methylphenidate, which was approved in April 2000. Studies have demonstrated that long-acting methylphenidate preparations such as Concerta are just as effective, if not more effective, than IR (instant release) formulas. Time-release medications are also less prone to misuseIn April 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a transdermal patch for the treatment of ADHD called Daytrana. Therapeutic usesMethylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed psychostimulant and works by increasing the activity of the central nervous system. It produces such effects as increasing or maintaining alertness, combating fatigue, and improving attention. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderMethylphenidate is approved by the FDA for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Methylphenidate quickly and effectively reduces the signs and symptoms of ADHD in children under the age of 18. NarcolepsyNarcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep, is treated primarily with stimulants. Methylphenidate is considered effective in increasing wakefulness, vigilance, and performance. Methylphenidate improves measures of somnolence on standardized tests, such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, but performance does not improve to levels comparable to healthy controls. AdjunctiveIn individuals with cancer, methylphenidate is commonly used to counteract opioid-induced somnolence, to increase the analgesic effects of opioids, to treat depression, and to improve cognitive function. Methylphenidate may be used in addition to an antidepressant for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. It can also improve depression in several groups including stroke, cancer, HIV-positive patients. Substance dependenceMethylphenidate has been investigated as a chemical replacement for the treatment of cocaine dependence in the same way that methadone is used as a replacement for heroin.Early research began in 2007-8 in some countries on the effectiveness of methylphenidate as a substitute agent in refractory cases of cocaine dependence; the fact that it can satisfy cravings for cocaine in a way which is subjectively and pharmacologically equivalent but longer-lasting as well as easier on the body and somewhat safer and easier to manage has long been part of the 'street lore' associated with stimulants in many parts of the world in much the same way that other substitutionmittel drugs such as methadone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, extended-release oral morphine, dihydrocodeine, and clonidine were amongst opioid users in various times over the past century. Pervasive developmental disordersGiven the high co-morbidity between ADHD and autism, a few studies have examined the efficacy and effectiveness of methylphenidate in the treatment of autism. However, most these studies examined the effects of methylphenidate on attention and hyperactivity symptoms among kids with autism spectrum disorders. Aman and Langworthy (2000) attempted to examine the effects of methylphenidate on social-communication and self-regulation behaviors among kids with ASDs.The sample included 33 children with pervasive developmental disorder (29 boys) with a mean age of 6.93 years (range 5-13). This was a 4-week randomized, double-blind, cross-over placebo study, with treatment changing each week between 4 conditions: placebo, low dose, medium dose, and high dose. In this design, neither the experimenters nor the families know which of the 4 treatments the child is receiving at any given time. In addition, the treatment condition changes randomly each week, without anyone knowing the nature of the old or new condition. This allows the experimenters to assume that consistent changes in behaviors that occur during a particular treatment is truly due to the effect of that treatment and not to the expectation of the treatment (placebo effect).The results indicate that children showed significantly more joint attention behaviors when receiving methylphenidate than when receiving the placebo (although the most effective dosage varied by individual). Furthermore, at a group level, the low dose of methylphenidate resulted in significantly improved joint attention behaviors when compared to the placebo, but no differences were noted between the low, medium, and high doses. Low and medium doses of methylphenidate also resulted in improved self-regulation behavior when compared to placebo.The study presents compelling preliminary evidence suggesting that methylphenidate is effective in improving some social behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorders. InvestigationalAnimal studies assessing the safety of methylphenidate on the developing brain found that psychomotor impairments, structural and functional parameters of the dopaminergic system were improved with treatment. This animal data suggests that methylphenidate supports brain development and hyperactivity in children diagnosed with ADHD.Methylphenidate may reduce the risk of falls in older adults by treating cognitive deficits associated with aging and disease. Adverse effectsThe most common side effects of taking methylphenidate are nervousness and insomnia. Other reactions include hypersensitivity (including skin rash, urticaria, fever, arthralgia, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme with histopathological findings of necrotizing vasculitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura); anorexia; nausea; dizziness; palpitations; headache; dyskinesia; drowsiness; blood pressure and pulse changes, both up and down; tachycardia; angina; cardiac arrhythmia; abdominal pain; and weight loss during prolonged therapy. Very rare effects include reports of Tourette's syndrome, toxic psychosis, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Known or suspected risks to healthResearchers have also looked into the role of methylphenidate in affecting stature, with some studies finding slight decreases in height acceleration. Other studies indicate height may normalize by adolescence. In a 2005 study, only "minimal effects on growth in height and weight were observed" after 2 years of treatment. "No clinically significant effects on vital signs or laboratory test parameters were observed."A 2003 study tested the effects of dextromethylphenidate (Focalin), levomethylphenidate, and (racemic) detro-, levomethylphenidate (Ritalin) on mice to search for any carcinogenic effects. The researchers found that all three preparations were non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic; d-MPH, d, l-MPH, and l-MPH did not cause mutations or chromosomal aberrations. They concluded that none of the compounds present a carcinogenic risk to humans. Current scientific evidence supports that long-term methylphenidate treatment does not increase the risk of developing cancer in humans.The effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment on the developing brains of children with ADHD is the subject of study and debate. Although the safety profile of short-term methylphenidate therapy in clinical trials has been well established, repeated use of psychostimulants such as methylphenidate is less clear.The use of ADHD medication in children under the age of 6 has not been studied. Severe hallucinations may occur. ADHD symptoms include hyperactivity and difficulty holding still and following directions; these are also characteristics of a typical child under the age of 6. For this reason it may be more difficult to diagnose young children, and caution should be used with this age group.On March 22, 2006 the FDA Pediatric Advisory Committee decided that medications using methylphenidate ingredients do not need black
Such dopamine upswings are seen in people taking Ritalin, and are considered a chemical signature of possible addictiveness." Whats his voting record?An NPR story reports that Adderall and Ritalin usage are on the rise, as students are turning to the attention-span altering medications to increase their ability to hit the books for long hours.. Coale as a voting member of it's Board of Directors. Links to All the ADD/ADHD medication sources on the Internet.T-Shirt - I had ADD before it was a cool thing to have.Peanuts Minus Snoopy is a website based on the idea of taking Snoopy out of the Peanuts comic strip in order to reveal the disturbed psyches of the various children in the gang. But the drugs also can be addictive.s Ritalin as addictive as cocaine?Well, probably not, according to one study, but research shows that it produces similar changes in the brain to that of cocaine. The pills are either consumed orally or crushed and snorteGranted, such impulsive outbursts are nowadays deemed Attention Deficit Disorder and treated with a little Ritalin by adults inclined to medicate rather than tolerate a kid who cant seem to sit still..widely used to bring children under control whether they're in the care
Even more about ritalin
ritalin
Наркоман, просмотр профиля наркомана, наркотики. Наркотики и наркомания. Все о наркотиках и ...
Наркоман Ritalin, форум Mental Pabulum: просмотр ...
БобрДобр — это сервис «социальных закладок». Он позволяет пользователям хранить и ...
Закладки с метками «ritalin» на BobrDobr.ru
Methylphenidate [1] (MPH) is the most commonly prescribed psychostimulant and is indicated in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy, although off ...
Methylphenidate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
adhd, ADHD, iperattività, sindrome da deficit di attenzione e iperattività, ritalin, metilfenidato, novartis, psicofarmaci, farmaci psicoattivi
Pagina Ritalin
Learn about the prescription medication Ritalin (Methylphenidate Hcl), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, and patient labeling.
Comment:
