premarin
08 »
premarin
PremarinSystematic (IUPAC) namesodium 13-methyl-17-oxo-3-sulfonatooxy-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta phenanthreneIdentifiersCAS number12126-59-9ATC codeG03CA57PubChem9919DrugBankAPRD00396Chemical dataFormulaC18H21NaO5S Mol. mass372.412 g/molSMILESeMolecules & PubChemSynonymsconjugated estrogensequilin sulfatePharmacokinetic dataBioavailability ?Protein binding>90%Metabolism ?Half life7.2 hoursExcretionrenalTherapeutic considerationsPregnancy cat.XLegal status℞ Prescription onlyRoutesOral, topicalPremarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated estrogens. Isolated from mare's urine (PREgnant MARes' urINe), it is manufactured by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and has been marketed since 1942. It is available in oral (0.3/ 0.45/ 0.625/ 0.9/ 1.25mg), IV, and topical form.// PharmacologyThe major forms of estrogen in Premarin are estrone (>50%), equilin (15-25%) and equilenin. The estrogens in Premarin are often called "conjugated equine estrogens" (CEE) because the estrogen molecules are generally present with hydrophilic side-groups attached such as sulfate. Thus, estrone sulfate is actually the major molecule in Premarin. Estrone sulfate is easily absorbed into the blood after Premarin pills are taken by women. Estrone sulfate is converted to estradiol, an active estrogen normally found in women. It is not clear if estrogens such as equilin that are foreign to the human body have effects in women that are significantly different from the estrogens like estradiol that are normally made in the human body.As Premarin is not a single compound, but a mixture of many naturally derived compounds, the structural diagram above does not show Premarin but its primary ingredient, Estrone in its sulfated form. Thus, Premarin cannot be characterized by the structure of just one of its many compounds. ControversyThis section has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality.Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (October 2008)Premarin is the subject of some contention. Animal rights activists claim that animal husbandry and urine collection methods used in Premarin's production cause undue stress and suffering to the mares involved. Additionally, it is proposed that there is an overabundance of poorly bred foals produced by Pregnant Mare Urine (PMU) farms each year; these foals are often doomed to slaughter unless equine rescue organizations can get them to safety. Efforts are also made to rescue retired mares in lieu of their being sent to slaughter.Because so much of this drug is prescribed, its production requires the operation of around 700 "farms", in which around 80,000 horses live their entire lives penned in tiny stalls, unable to turn around or meaningfully lie down, deprived of water, repeatedly impregnated, and continuously connected to plumbing collecting that urine.When they can no longer produce adequately, most are summarily slaughtered. Most of their offspring are either put in stalls or slaughtered. Over fifty-eight years of Premarin production, well over a million horses or perhaps millions of horses, have lived in cruelty and then been slaughtered. Only in the last twenty years has this dreadful secret become known at all.Premarin is produced at Ayerst Organics in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Brandon is known as the "PMU capital of the world." Urine extracted from the mares on about 700 PMU "farms" in Canada and the United States is shipped to the processing plant in Brandon. The company sets the quotas, sets the price, and picks the PMU producers, as farmers compete to obtain contracts with "Wyeth" to set up PMU farms. The company also runs a "research" facility in Carberry, Manitoba (near Brandon) which is operated like a working PMU farm. Security there is tight as the "work" and experiments are kept strictly confidential.For six to seven months of their eleven-month pregnancies, an estimated 80,000 mares are confined to tiny stalls where, contrary to Wyeth-Ayerst's explicit statement, they cannot turn around, groom themselves, or lie down comfortably. They are harnessed in with urine collection pouches fitted over their urethras designed to collect the precious urine. The urine then travels through hoses that lead to plastic containers on the ground in front of each stall where PMU farmers empty them when full for collection and shipment to Ayerst Organics.The urine pouches and the manner by which they are attached to the mares' bodies can cause infections of their vulvas and chafing of their legs, and makes it practically impossible for them to lie down. They are also tied by their necks to prevent them from turning around. These mares get little or no exercise, with some of them actually standing in that position for the entire six to seven months. Due to the nature of their confinement on the "pee lines", the mares are denied the opportunity to assume all of their natural postures. When sleeping, the mares are unable to enjoy the fully relaxed position of lateral recumbency (lying stretched out on their sides). Instead, they must sleep standing up or lying down in the more cramped position of sternal recumbency (lying on their chest with legs tucked up). There is no official government regulation for the treatment of PMU mares, only a "Code of Practice" written by Wyeth-Ayerst for the PMU farmers to follow.The mares are commonly fed and watered on a time-release basis. They are deliberately deprived of water so that the estrogen is as concentrated as possible. Mares are given minimal amounts of water 17 or 18 times a day. They can be seen trying to drink out of empty water bowls and are in such anticipation of each allotment that they continue to try to drink long after the water is gone. They also exhibit stressful and anxious behavior when they know the water is coming. Liver and kidney disease are common in these mares, as is swelling of the legs.Most of the foals are sold at auctions in the fall, at which time they are between two and three months old. They can regularly be observed trying to nurse off each other. The colts are sold by lot where almost all are bought by "killer buyers" (middlemen for the slaughterhouses) and feedlot operators who fatten them up before shipping them to slaughter plants in Canada and the United States. There they are butchered and their meat is then exported to Europe and Japan as a delicacy (with certain cuts selling for $25 per pound) for human consumption.
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals has updated the package inserts for its postmenopausal hormone drugs Prempro, Premphase, and Premarin to urge physicians who prescribe those drugs solely for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis to carefully consider alternative therapies.Consumers and third party payors in California who paid for Premarin, used to relieve the symptoms associated with menopause and to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, may be eligible to receive payments from a $5.A Nevada jury didn't buy Wyeth's defense of its menopause drugs Premarin and Prempro.New Verdicts: Prempro and PremarinThis is scary because so many women are looking for solutions to rid them of the menopause symptoms and now the solutions may be very dangerous. It awarded $134.A judge in Nevada has halved a record judgment awarded to three plaintiffs suing Wyeth over its Prempro and Premarin medications.FDA approves Premarin (derives from horse urine) for hormone therapy & they are trying to take the choice of using bio-identical hormones (chemically synthesized to endogenous hormones of the human body) away from us.Pregnant mares are kept in tiny stalls with catheters to collect urine for up to 6 months to provide your HRT pills! The foals are sold for meat.A drug company is trying to cash in on the
Even more about premarin
premarin
PREMARIN can help you manage the symptoms of menopause and reduce your changes of developing osteoporosis. PREMARIN contains only the hormone estrogen. It is for women in surgical ...
PREMARIN – Home Page
Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated estrogens. Isolated from mare's urine (PRE gnant MAR es' ur IN e), it is manufactured by Wyeth ...
Premarin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Premarin (conjugated estrogens) is used to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, and vaginal dryness. Includes Premarin side effects, interactions and indications.
Premarin Information from Drugs.com
Premarin an estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been linked to ovarian cancer. Get a free lawsuit case evaluation.
Premarin Side Effects Hormone Replacement HRT Ovarian Cancer Lawsuit
Premarin / PMU: a look at the real facts of the PREMARINE. ... Premarin.Org (Premarin dot Org — A part of EquineRescue dot Net) Sponsored by..
Comment:
media
