doxycycline
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doxycycline
DoxycyclineSystematic (IUPAC) name(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamideIdentifiersCAS number564-25-0ATC codeJ01AA02 A01AB22PubChem11256DrugBankAPRD00597ChemSpider10482106Chemical dataFormulaC22H24N2O8 Mol. mass444.435 g/molPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability100%MetabolismhepaticHalf life18-22 hoursExcretionurine, fecesTherapeutic considerationsPregnancy cat.D(US)Legal statusPOM(UK) ℞-only(US)Routesoral, periodontal, iv, imDoxycycline (INN) (pronounced /ˌdɒksɪˈsaɪkliːn/) is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer Inc. and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in 1967, becoming Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic. Other brand names include Monodox, Microdox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Oracea, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa, Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for Periodontitis).// Indicated usesMain article: tetracycline antibioticsFurther information: oxytetracyclineAs well as the general indications for all members of the tetracycline antibiotics group, Doxycycline is frequently used to treat chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, syphilis, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, acne and rosacea. AntiprotozoalIt is used in prophylaxis against malaria.It should not be used alone for initial treatment of malaria, even when the parasite is doxycyline-sensitive, because the antimalarial effect of doxycyline is delayed. This delay is related to its mechanism of action. Its mechanism of action against malaria is to specifically impair the progeny of the apicoplast genes resulting in their abnormal cell division.It can be used in a treatment plan in combination with other agents, such as quinine. AntibacterialIt is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)It is also effective against Yersinia pestis (the infectious agent of bubonic plague) and is prescribed for the treatment of Lyme disease,, ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In fact, because doxycycline is one of the few medications shown to be effective in treating Rocky Mountain spotted fever (with the next best alternative being chloramphenicol), doxycycline is indicated even in use in children for this illness. Otherwise, doxycycline is not indicated in the use in children under the age of 8 years. Doxycycline, like other antibiotics, will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.When bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug, doxycycline may be used to treat and prevent:Escherichia coliEnterobacter aerogenes (formerly Aerobacter aerogenes)Lyme Disease, aka Lyme Borelliosis Complex (B. burgdorferi)folliculitisAcneShigella speciesAcinetobacter species (formerly Mima species and Herellea species)Respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzaeRespiratory tract and urinary tract infectionsUpper respiratory infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (formerly Diplococcus pneumoniae)Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections AnthelminticElephantiasis is a disease caused by a nematode (worm) Wuchereria bancrofti. It causes swollen limbs and genitals (Filariasis) and affects over 120 million people in the world. Previous anti-nematode treatments have been limited by poor levels of effectiveness, drug side effects and high costs. Doxycycline was shown in 2003 to kill the symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria upon which the nematodes are dependent. Field trials in 2005 showed that Doxycycline almost completely eliminates blood-borne filaria when given for an 8 week course. Cautions and side effectsCautions and side effects are similar to other members of the tetracycline antibiotic group. However the 10% risk of photosensitivity skin reactions is of particular importance for those intending long-term use for malaria prophylaxis because it can cause permanent sensitive and thin skin.Docycycline can cause serious depression and thoughts of suicide.Reports of GERD have been cited with the use of doxycycline.Should not be taken with OTC(over the counter drugs) or other prescription drugs.Unlike some other members of the tetracycline group, it may be used in those with renal impairment.Previously, it was believed that doxycycline impairs the effectiveness of many types of hormonal contraception due to CYP450 induction. Recent research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracycline antibiotic (including doxycycline), although many physicians still recommend the use of barrier contraception for people taking the drug to prevent unwanted pregnancy.It should be taken with a full glass of water and patients should be upright for at least 30 minutes after administration to prevent irritation of the esophagus and stomach. Also, there is a slim risk of liver damage during prolonged use of the drug. It is also recommended that it be taken with a small meal of a non-dairy nature if upset stomach, nausea, or fatigue occurs.Doxycycline is not approved for use in children under the age of 8 years for two reasons: 1) it can cause permanent yellowing or graying of the teeth, and 2), according to CDC patient information on doxycycline, it can inhibit bone growth in premature infants during the time the medication is taken; this last effect disappears when the doxycycline treatment is over. Specific exceptions are made for potentially fatal illnesses where the benefits outweigh the risks and there are few or no other alternatives, such as with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and anthrax. It should also not be used in pregnant and nursing women, as the drug can cause damage to a fetus and nursing child. Experimental applicationsAt subantimicrobial doses, doxycycline is an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, and has been used in various experimental systems for this purpose; such as for recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions. Doxycycline has been used successfully in the treatment of one patient with lymphangioleiomyomatosis, an otherwise progressive and fatal disease. Doxycyline has also been shown to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy (in mice), a deadly consequence of prolonged hypertension.Doxycycline is also used in "Tet-on" and "Tet-off" tetracycline controlled transcriptional activation to regulate transgene expression in organisms and cell cultures.Other experimental applications include:Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)Infected animal bite wounds (Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella pneumotropica)Rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis.Chronic inflammatory lung diseases (panbronchiolitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchitis)SarcoidosisPrevention of aortic aneurysm in people with Marfan Syndrome.Multiple sclerosisMeibomian Gland DysfunctionTreatment of filariasis and onchocerciasis due to filariae and onchocercae generally harbouring endosybiotic Wolbachia bacteria. Doxycycline kills the bacteria, and (by removal of the endosymbiotes) the nematodes.
The condition causes excessive growth of smooth muscle tissue which progressively erodes lung function.. The bacteria also known as P acnes, does however become resistant to the antibiotics eventually.A recent Study on doxycycline in treating urinary tract infectionKilling the bacteria that are harbored in the blocked follicles.,Abstract: A multiclass method has been developed for the determination and confirmation in honey of tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sarafloxacin), macrolides (tylosin), lincosamides (lincomycin), aminoglycosides. Sometimes, as prescribed to treat acne and, therefore, also known as doxycycline acne. Since bacteria are the most common cause of acne in many people, this antibiotic may prove very effective for its treatment.The next meds:Prescribed - Antibiotics medicine is now available at original strength without a prescription: Amoxicillin Amoxil Ampicillin Acillin Augmentin Amoxicillin Bactrim Trimethoprim Biaxin Clarithromycin Ceclor Cefaclor Ceftin Cefuroxime Chloromycetin Chloramphenicol Cipro Ciprofloxacin Cleocin Clindamycin Doxycycline Doxycycline etc. Also topical antibiotics or bactericides like Benzoyl peroxide or erythromycin can help.Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease which affects women of child bearing age of all ethnic groups.. There is currently no cure or treatment. This is done either by the intake of antibiotics like the âthree âcyclinesâ
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