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editCalcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide, alphaNMR solution structure of salmon calcitonin in SDS micelles.Available structures: 2glhIdentifiersSymbolsCALCA; CALC1; CGRP; CGRP-I; CGRP1; CT; KC; MGC126648External IDsOMIM: 114130 MGI: 2151253 HomoloGene: 1319Gene ontologyMolecular function:• hormone activityCellular component:• extracellular region• extracellular space• soluble fraction• endoplasmic reticulumBiological process:• skeletal development• G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger• adenylate cyclase activation• phospholipase C activation• elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration• cell-cell signaling• blood pressure regulationRNA expression patternMore reference expression dataOrthologsHumanMouseEntrez79612310EnsemblENSG00000110680ENSMUSG00000030669UniprotP01258Q99JA0RefseqNM_001033952 (mRNA)NP_001029124 (protein)NM_001033954 (mRNA)NP_001029126 (protein)LocationChr 11: 14.94 - 14.95 MbChr 7: 114.42 - 114.43 MbPubmed searchCalcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It has been found in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals, as its function is usually not significant to regulation of normal calcium homeostasis.// BiosynthesisCalcitonin is formed by the proteolytic cleavage of a larger prepropeptide, which is the product of the CALC1 gene (CALCA). The CALC1 gene belongs to a superfamily of related protein hormone precursors including islet amyloid precursor protein, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the precursor of adrenomedullin. PhysiologyThe hormone participates in calcium (Ca2+) and phosphorus metabolism. In many ways, calcitonin counteracts parathyroid hormone (PTH).To be specific, calcitonin affects blood Ca2+ levels in three ways:Secretion of calcitonin is stimulated by: ActionsIts actions, in a broad sense, are:Bone mineral metabolism:Serum calcium level regulationA satiety hormone: ReceptorThe calcitonin receptor, found primarily on osteoclasts, is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is coupled by Gs to adenylyl cyclase and thereby to the generation of cAMP in target cells. DiscoveryCalcitonin was purified in 1962 by Copp and Cheney. While it was initially considered a secretion of the parathyroid glands, it was later identified as the secretion of the C-cells of the thyroid gland. PharmacologySalmon calcitonin is used for the treatment of:Postmenopausal osteoporosisHypercalcaemiaPaget's diseaseBone metastasesPhantom limb painThe following information is from the UK Electronic Medicines Compendium General characteristics of the active substanceSalmon calcitonin is rapidly absorbed and eliminated. Peak plasma concentrations are attained within the first hour of administration.Animal studies have shown that calcitonin is primarily metabolised via proteolysis in the kidney following parenteral administration. The metabolites lack the specific biological activity of calcitonin. Bioavailability following subcutaneous and intramuscular injection in humans is high and similar for the two routes of administration (71% and 66%, respectively).Calcitonin has short absorption and elimination half-lives of 10-15 minutes and 50-80 minutes, respectively. Salmon calcitonin is primarily and almost exclusively degraded in the kidneys, forming pharmacologically-inactive fragments of the molecule. Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in patients with end-stage renal failure than in healthy subjects. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Plasma protein binding is 30% to 40%. Characteristics in patientsThere is a relationship between the subcutaneous dose of calcitonin and peak plasma concentrations. Following parenteral administration of 100 IU calcitonin, peak plasma concentration lies between about 200 and 400 pg/ml. Higher blood levels may be associated with increased incidence of nausea and vomiting. Preclinical safety dataConventional long-term toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity studies have been performed in laboratory animals. Salmon calcitonin is devoid of embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic potential.An increased incidence of pituitary adenomas has been reported in rats given synthetic salmon calcitonin for 1 year. This is considered a species-specific effect and of no clinical relevance. Salmon calcitonin does not cross the placental barrier.In lactating animals given calcitonin, suppression of milk production has been observed. Calcitonin is secreted into the milk. Pharmaceutical manufactureCalcitonin was extracted from the Ultimobranchial glands (thyroid-like glands) of fish, particularly salmon. Salmon calcitonin resembles human calcitonin, but is more active. At present, it is produced either by recombinant DNA technology or by chemical peptide synthesis. The pharmacological properties of the synthetic and recombinant peptides have been demonstrated to be qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent. Uses of calcitonin TreatmentsCalcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of hypercalcemia or osteoporosis.Oral calcitonin may have a chondroprotective role in osteoarthritis (OA), according to data in rats presented in December, 2005, at the 10th World Congress of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) in Boston, Massachusetts. Although calcitonin is an established antiresorptive agent, its disease-modifying effects on chondrocytes and cartilage metabolisms have not been well established until now.This new study, however, may help to explain how calcitonin affects osteoarthritis. “Calcitonin acts both directly on osteoclasts, resulting in inhibition of bone resorption and following attenuation of subchondral bone turnover, and directly on chondrocytes, attenuating cartilage degradation and stimulating cartilage formation,” says researcher Morten Karsdal, MSC, PhD, of the department of pharmacology at Nordic Bioscience in Herlev, Denmark. “Therefore, calcitonin may be a future efficacious drug for OA.” DiagnosticsIt may be used diagnostically as a tumor marker for a form of thyroid cancer (medullary thyroid adenocarcinoma), in which high calcitonin levels may be present and elevated levels after surgery may indicate recurrence. It may even be used on biopsy samples from suspicious lesions (e.g., swollen lymph nodes) to establish whether they are metastasis of the original cancer. StructureCalcitonin is a polypeptide hormone of 32 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 3454.93 daltons. Its structure comprises a single alpha helix. Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), beta type.The following are the amino acid sequences of salmon and human calcitonin:salmon: Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Prohuman: Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-ProCompared to salmon calcitonin, human calcitonin differs at 16 residues. See alsoProcalcitoninMiacalcin

What's the origin of your medicine? And what's in the pipeline for the future?Melatonin? Insulin?Premarin? Prempro?Chondroitin? Captopril?Warfarin?Miacalcin?Calcitonin?Byetta?Glucosamine?Vaccines?

Miacalcin

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Miacalcin Ns Synthetic Calcitonin Salmon

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Learn about the prescription medication Miacalcin (Calcitonin-Salmon), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, and patient labeling.

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Miacalcin (Calcitonin-Salmon) Drug Information: Uses, Side Effects ...

T2006-43 Miacalcin ® (calcitonin-salmon) Nasal Spray Rx Only Prescribing Information DESCRIPTION Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the ...

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